What Brought to the French Revolution

Loreen Jill Ramirez Catubay 12 September 2010 HSS1C. 01 Miss. Erickson FRENCH REVOLUTION DBQ â€Å"The French Revolution. † What pops up in your head? Probably a plethora of ideas. Images of riots, nobles, monarchy and such. So many mistakes and so many achievements has come out of the French Revolution. Many failed policies, laws and many inspirational and influential ideas has come of the French Revolution. The important causes of the French Revolution has changed France.The French Revolution had many causes which lead to the outbreak of the revolution such as heavy taxes, extreme poverty and the ideas of the Enlightenment. During Arthur Young’s travel through France from 1787 to 1789 he stated â€Å"There is an injustice levying on the amount of each person must pay† (Document 1). One Cause that brought of the French Revolution is the inequality of the levy and taxes on the among the 3 estates. The first estate which is the body of all people ordained for reli gious duties most commonly in the Christian Church was called the â€Å"Clergy†.The Clery had no taxes on them but they, The Clergy could collect tithes or taxes from people who are living on churches land. The Clergy owned 10% of the countries land but shockingly the Clergy consist of 1% of the countries population. The second estate which is known as belonging to a hereditary class with high social or political status is called the â€Å"Nobles†. The Nobles had very few taxes on them while they collected taxes and rents from peasants while the peasants worked for both higher classes, the first estates and the second estate.The second estate, Nobles consisted of only 2% of the population but owned 35% of the countries land. Last but not least, This brings us to the third estate of peasants. Peasants are either Middles class, peasants or city workers. These people consisted of 97% of the countries population. They owned only 55% of the land. The third estate was treate d very unfairly in both land and taxes. Peasants earned the least but paid the most taxes. This made them very mad about the injustice of the heavy levying as stated in the quote.During the Arthur Young’s stay in France he has observed a lot of things about France as a country. Arthur Young stated on September 5,1788 that, â€Å"The poor people seem very poor indeed. The children are terribly ragged† (Document 1). Due to the heavy taxes on the peasants who work the longest and hardest jobs yet earn the least they had very little money lift for themselves and their families. Arthur Young also noticed that , â€Å"The price of bread has risen above the people’s ability to pay†.The people were so poor that they did not even have enough money to buy bread for themselves to eat while the people in the first and second estate were eating steaks, cakes and many luxurious foods. This situation of unfairness and inequality made the peasants anger towards the other estates and the monarchy grow. Historian Albert Mathiez claims that leadership fell into the middle class in which he stated that, â€Å"The middle class†¦.. was sensitive to their inferior legal position. The Revolution came from them-the middle class.They were just beginning to learn to read† (Document 4). Through this the middle class gained knowledge and ideas of the Enlightenment. They became philosophers. They started to believe and realized many things. Voltaire believed in freedom of speech but gone thrown in jail for making fun of a rich baron. This made the rest of the citizens to wonder about what they could say and why weren’t they allowed to talk about whatever they wanted?. John Locke was a believer of natural rights from birth and is famous for his writings on rights of life, liberty and property.His writings made people have an â€Å"oh yeah! why NOT?! † moment and questioned their rights and the other estates rights deciding that this was unfair and unjust. These people started to believe and agree with what these philosophers thought than what the king or the clergy thought. The 3 situations that helped caused the revolution. Heavy taxes were unjust as the peasants who earned the least, paid the most taxes while the other estates lived a luxurious life. The extreme famine which of left the peasants stomach digesting in nothing but anger towards the onarchy while the higher estates had tea parties and buffets and ideas of the Enlightenment which opened the eyes of many others about how much unfairness, inequality and injustice they have been treated with and that this was not tolerable as they philosophers encouraged them for they believed that everyone should have rights, liberty and freedom. The citizens years of suffering, inequality, injustice, unfairness and anger were the causes that had lead to the French Revolution.

History Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 750 words

History - Essay Example However, the debate is over the fact that whether or not Preston had ordered the men to fire or all hell broke loose when a man fired his musket and others followed suit, without any orders and the blame was placed on Preston entirely. As a result, five people were dead by the end of the firing and Preston was charged for murder and during the trial, 81 people came forward as witnesses out of which only 15 were allowed by the Crown; those that were not allowed stated that the attacks had been planned by the colonists beforehand. According to the deposition given by Preston personally, it was stated that the mob had gone out of control and that people were verbally as well as physically abusing each other. They literally dared the army to shoot and fire and bring them down and even then the army held its own. Preston stated that when asked, he denied his men to shoot at all costs and kept saying no whenever he was asked. However, the rioters refused to back down and hit one of the sol diers with a stick on his head; this infuriated a few other soldiers who then started firing without any commands being given to them, as an act of self defence, against the raging mob. The witnesses on behalf of Preston all stated that they did not hear him ordering anyone to fire, instead heard him asking his soldiers to stop even after they had begun firing. The orders had come not from Preston but from another source. Thomas Preston’s trial brought in the issue of a reasonable doubt which gives the defendant an opportunity to save himself on the basis of a chance that he was not guilty in his actions. When the mob hit Private Hugh Montgomery, the army assumed that Preston would open fire on the people that were turning into rowdy animals and provoking them to attack. The soldiers fired despite Preston standing between them and the mob and their uneven bursts of fire and fury killed eleven innocent people in the process. Paul Revere, one of the key figures in the revolutio nary movement that took place in America, engraved the sights and sounds of the Massacre in a manner that highlighted the plight of the people suppressed under British tyranny. His creation of the controversy taking place on King’s Street has become one of the most powerful pieces of art in the history of the American Revolution depicting the British grenadiers standing calm in suit but shooting with their rifles at the disturbed mob on the other side of the street. In his engraving, Revere has deliberately failed to draw the snow and the ice covering the streets and also has depicted Crispus Attucks, the black man as a white because he wanted to display the high level of repute that Attucks should have received as the very first martyr as a result of the riot – the colour white displaying the highest level of authority and deserving. Preston moved to Ireland, it had been presumed, after leaving Boston and not being acquitted for the trial; according to personal opinio n, he was a scapegoat caught in the riot. His duty was to take care of his soldiers and command them and despite giving them orders to not shoot or fire, they opened fire in order to protect themselves. Preston cannot be held guilty against the backdrop of such facts where the soldiers were not trained enough to follow their heads and not their hearts; they feared their own lives and that is why went against their officer, however he could not have been held guilty and charged for the murder that he has not committed. Witnesses continued

Computer Technology Opens a World of Work to Disabled People Essay

Computer Technology Opens a World of Work to Disabled People - Essay Example Advancement in technology provides access at home jobs like customer services and phone sales. Many disabled people are willing to work and actively seek employment that suits their needs as laborers. Computer technology makes employment for the disabled more convenient and more likely. Some computer software includes speech software that types the spoken words of the user, software that allows using a keyboard to surf the Internet instead of a mouse, and other software. Advancement in computer software and technology can provide job opportunities for disabled workers. There are limitations to the amount of work a disable person can perform. These limitations include not only health limitations but also finance limitations. In order to keep disability benefits, a disabled laborer must not make more than $860 a month. Providing disabled laborers with employment opportunities will create financial stability on top of usual disability benefits. Computer technology can cause and increase in the number of available jobs for disabled workers. An increase in jobs could in turn increase the number of disabled laborers currently on the work force. Company that have hired the disabled have been pleased with the loyalty of workers. The disabled are looking for employment available to them and when found there are few other opportunities for them to seek another employer. Employers should do their best to accommodate and hire disabled worker in their companies. The topic of adaptive technology for the employment of disabled workers is very important to me. Disabled people have the right to work if they are able just like any other person in the world. Most disabled people have a desire to work but employers are unable to accommodate their disability. Technological advances can bring jobs to the home instead creating more work for disabled laborers. I have had many experiences in my life that has lead me to become interested in adaptive technology for the disabled in the workplace. Many disabled people have a desire to work but are limited in the amount of work or type of work. A friend of mine has a cousin with Muscular Dystrophy. Muscular Dystrophy is a disease that causes muscle degeneration. By the time, her cousin was the age of ten; he could no longer walk and had to use a wheel chair. Currently he has limited movement in his fingers and neck providing little opportunity for him to join the workforce. This did not stop him from finding a job to do using adaptive technology. The Muscular Dystrophy foundation provide him with a computer that he could command by a voice synthesizer and he developed his own business creating address labels. Adaptive technology made employment possible for this disabled person. Another friend had a problem with generalized anxiety disorder, which caused her to get panic attacks every time she was in a crowd, or had to deal with unruly customers, or face any type of criticism from an employer, customer, or teacher. With the help of a computer, my friend was able to find a job as a writer, dealing with customers via the Internet instead of face to face. The distances caused panic attacks to be more manageable because she could walk away

Religion, Feminism, and Environmentalism Research Paper - 1

Religion, Feminism, and Environmentalism - Research Paper Example Women who are both religious and in support of the efforts of the women’s movement have sought common ground in order to actively pursue ecological interests. In comparing Christian, Hindu, and Buddhist faiths in context with women’s movements, it is clear they are actively interested in both principles of equality and ecology where common ground can be found which unites these belief systems. Ecological feminism is a theory that combines feminist ideals and motivations with a concern with preserving the world through ecological perspectives. Warren and Cheney write that â€Å"Ecological feminism is a feminism which attempts to unite the demands of the women's movement with those of the ecological movement in order to bring about a world and worldview that are not based on socioeconomic and conceptual structures of domination†. The marriage of the women’s movement and ecological interests is not new and can be seen in many cultures, including in Brazil whe re the women’s movement and the landless people movement were grew together in order to support the concept of living off of the land in a communal and freedom based environment that was contextually absent of consumerist interests. This was done in order to support the weak and the marginalized in a meaningful and bountiful way.2 It may be that the problems within the environment are some of the most serious problems that are being faced in the 21st century as the economy and the act of working is based upon consumerism which often strips resources and fundamentally changes ecological systems both nonhuman and human.3 The idea of ecological feminist movements are often based upon practical solutions to social problems where in the shadow of patriarchy and male dominance, alternatives to participation in economies where there are disadvantaged women find ways in which to focus on less economically based roots of survival. Hindu The traditions of India were always based upon e cological principles in which sustainability was a driving force behind decision making in relationship to resources. Religious texts such as the Vedas and Puranas supported environmental ethics as well as the Advaita philosophy that â€Å"acquires a cosmic character as it considers all living beings to be God’s creation†4 This is the basis of Indian belief systems that place importance on reverence for the Earth. However, industrialization and the formation of larger cities as centers of employment have led to deforestation and he disruption of what had been carefully attended ecologies, specifically affecting women who depend more on the natural world for their sustenance and methods of earning a living. The development of environmental movements have allowed women a common cause that does not run contrary to other cultural belief systems, but allows them to assert themselves into the public discourse. The extremes of poverty sometimes prevent women in India to becom e activists, but it galvanizes others.5 In India, the issues of ecology and sustainability are integral to the needs of many women who are struggling with extremes of poverty that is heightened by destruction of resources that would have otherwise supported them. As in most nations, women in India are among the poorest demographic, with urbanization pushing women into the workforce at a higher rate of 19.5%, which leaves them in marginalized social positions in low paying jobs.6 The issue of ecological irresponsibility affects these women directly as their tradition and culture is irrevocably changed, the sustainability of the ecology is

Scientific Management Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 2000 words - 2

Scientific Management - Essay Example Scientific management therefore is also considered as one of the earliest attempts to actually apply scientific methods on engineering processes and the management. Taylor offered four important rules which form the basis of the scientific management and are still considered as important contribution towards the overall theory of management. It is however, important to understand that as the industrial advancement took place and more and firms entered into the market, the overall ideas on management and their application in real life situations started to change. With the passage of time, new and more innovative methods of management and labor productivity were introduced which rendered scientific management only as a discipline limited to industrial engineering. Many therefore argue that scientific management has particular relevance for the modern day organizations and has no present day significance. Scientific management as a discipline started to emerge in the 19th century when industrial revolution started to take place. Industrial revolution necessitated the use of best practices for utilizing the skills of the labor to their maximum. It advocated the use of optimizing ways in which tasks are to be performed in most efficient manner and tasks are simplified enough that labors could be trained to perform various sequences of the tasks easily.( Smith, & Boyns,2005) Prior to the introduction of scientific management, work was mostly performed by the craftsman holding monopoly over the way their skills were traded and how they decided to perform their jobs. Scientific management however, took a step further and converted the jobs into series of simple tasks which can be easily performed by training any skilled and semi-skilled workers. The overall purpose of scientific management therefore was to ensure that jobs are simplified and further training can be imparted so that tasks can be

Obtain a copy of the annual report for Intercontinental Hotel Group Coursework

Obtain a copy of the annual report for Intercontinental Hotel Group PLC for the year ended 31 December 2011 - Coursework Example Financial performance and position of the Group â€Å"The big picture is 9 hotel brands, over 153 million guests annually, more than 672,000 rooms in over 4,500 hotels in nearly 100 countries and territories around the world† (IHG website, 2012), The nine renowned brands being Intercontinental Hotels & Resorts, Crowne Plaza Hotels & Resorts, Hotel Indigo, Holiday Inn Hotels & Resorts, Holiday Inn Express, Staybridge Suites, Candlewood Suites, EVEN Hotels, Hualuxe Hotels and Resorts. Performance of the Brands The performance of all the brands during 2011 compared to the previous year has improved (Exhibit – I). Total gross revenue has increased by 8% to 20.2 bn in 2011 compared to $18.7 bn in 2010 for the group as a whole. Exhibit - I $ in bn. However, the performance in terms of cost and profitability in respect of the brands could not be worked for comparison due to inadequacy of details furnished in this respect. Performance can be analyzed with reference to classific ation of the business into Franchised, Managed and Owned & Leased. 12 months ended 31 December in $m 2011 2010 % Change Revenue Franchised 502 465 8.0 Managed 124 119 4.2 Owned and leased 204 223 (8.5) Total 830 807 2.9 Operating profit before exceptional items Franchised 431 392 9.9 Managed 52 21 147.6 Owned and leased 17 13 30.8 500 4 26 17.4 Regional overheads (49) (57) 14.0 Total Operating Profit 451 369 22.2 It could be observed that operating profits vary considerably due to incidence of expenses and overheads at varying levels. For example, in franchised revenue is up by 8% and operating profit is up by 9.9%, where as in managed hotels it is 4.2% and 147.6% and owned & leased hotels (-) 8.5% and 30% respectively . Key Performance Indicators The key performance indicators measure the group’s progress in the business. The KPIs over the past three years and their growth have been good. Year 2009 2010 2011 Net Rooms Supply 632325 0647161 658348 Gross Revenue ($ bn) 16.8 18 .7 20.2 CSR (Green engage hotels) 911 1122 1722 2011 2010 Earnings per share (EPS) 1.30 0.98 Revenue per available room: Revenue per available room is up by 6.2%. (Annual Report, p. 2) The Group’s reportable segments segmental information The reportable segments in the business have been classified based on the geographical locations of the hotels. There are five segments viz. Americas, Europe, AMEA (Asia Middle East and Africa) and Greater China and the central segment. Operating profit has increased in all the geographical segments. Since the central segment carries the burden of general support services provided by it to all the segments, the figures are not comparable. RevPAR growth in the Americas at 7.5% and Europe at 4.7% respectively has contributed significantly for the overall performance of the business. It is important to note that gross revenue includes revenue related to Franchised, Managed and Owned & Leased. 2011 2010 % Change % Change in revenue Operating Pro fit Americas 451 369 2.2 2.9 Europe 104 78 33.3 2.4 AMEA 84 82 2.4 1.4 Greater China 67 54 24.1 15.2 Central (147) (139) (5.8) 7.7 Operating Profit Before Exceptional Items 559 444 25.9 8.6 It could be observed that as in the case of franchised, managed and owned and leased classification of the business, % change in operating profit is inconsistent with the % change in revenue due to incidence of expenses and overheads in different reportable segments at varying levels. Impact of exceptional items on profitability The operating profit

Art Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 500 words - 67

Art - Essay Example The point of view of the visual art argument is to bring out the symmetrical structural balance as per the balanced colors used for painting. Therefore, this abstract composition piece is meant to bring out aesthetic balance of nature as per the colors that have been used through visual composition. Sensational effect is a factor to the aspect of the artistic abstract composition. This is due to the notion that, the colors and lines used bring out a sensational feel of any space that is a factor of the environment. My visual argument is based on the colors that have been used, the lines and patterns used for bringing out the balance as perceived of nature. This is based on the colors that have been used by the artist for this abstract piece. I used pattern, line, recurring patterns and proximity as my compositional interpretation of the abstract due to the emphasis that they bring out on aesthetics appeal. The most persuasive elements include balance brought in symmetrical from. This has been enhanced by the balance of use of colors. The balance brings out the feel of nature whereby, everything is aligned and proportional thus enhancing nature. The composition incorporated the use of line and color to form a pattern. The changes that are evident through the composition of abstr act are that, the colors have been manipulated to suit aesthetic appeal. The compositional choices are mainly based on color, line and form. This is because of the pattern that has been brought out through the line and colors used. Persuasive elements used include proximity in terms of softness of the painting and organizational structure. I believe that the pattern that has emerged gives the abstract painting a different view of aesthetics and appeal in nature most individuals’ perception is that, nature should always have specific colors